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三、翻译技巧 1、repetition重译法在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语；否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思，这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。 重复名词——重复英语中作宾语，表语，同位语的名词。We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.我们应学会如何分析问题和解决问题。 I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。 He became an oil baron---all by himself.他成了石油大王，一个白手起家的石油大王。 The President announced, with obvious relish, that the planes took off from "Shangri-la", the fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas.这位总统洋洋得意地宣称，这批飞机是从"香格里拉"起飞的，而"香格里拉"是一个虚构的喜马拉雅山中的世外桃源。 Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。 重复英语前置词短语前所省略的名词：英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个，第三个前置词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of one hundred ordinary patients.医生从我身上得到的实践会比从一百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。 This man often got into argument with his colleagues or with the boss.这个人经常和他的同事们争吵，或者同老板争吵。 Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。 重复英语中作先行词的名词：英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。英语中的同位语，在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.小学徒对老板尤其怕得要死，老板经常整他而且整得很惨，简直把他整瘪了。 My uncle was born in Beijing, which is the capital of China.我叔叔出生于北京，北京是中国的首都。 I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。 We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。 You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。 重复动词——英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中W往往要重复这个动词。People forget your face first, then your name.人们先忘了你的模样，然后忘了你的姓名。 This requires care and, for difficult problems, great experience.这种事情需要重视，如果问题难办，还需要经验。 We talked of ourselves, of our studies, of our prospects, of each other--of everything.我们谈到了自己，谈到了学习，谈到了前途，谈到了彼此的情况，谈到了一切。 But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.可是他老婆不断地在他耳边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他的一家人都要毁在他的身上。 重复代词_——英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语的习惯重复其所替代的名词。Happy families also had their own troubles.幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。 为了强调——英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.以眼还眼，以牙还牙。 A mosquito hums and hums. Two flies drone and drone.一个蚊子哼哼哼，两个苍蝇嗡嗡翁。 He wandered about in the chill rain ,thinking and thinking , brooding and brooding.他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。 为了生动——运用四字短语The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.这些问题显然使得这位头脑迟钝的发言人感到意外，他立刻显得张口结舌，哑口无言。 I had been completely honest in my replies , withholding nothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言不讳。 Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.不管开始时我们对这架飞机有什么不放心，这种顾虑不久就烟消云散了。 Once he took up his pen, writings began pouring down.他一动笔，就洋洋洒洒，一发难收。Exercise: But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事情现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。 Dead is the monarch, dead the servant who cringed before him, dead the city in which they dwelt.君主死了，在他面前卑躬屈膝﹑阿谀奉承的侍臣死了，他们居住的这个都城也死了。汉译英的重复问题汉语有重复现象时，有两种处理方法：汉语重复，英译也重复；根据两种语言各自的习惯用法，以不同的表达方式进行重复。这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性。 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。Seek, seek; search, search;Cold, cold; bare, bare;Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. 一个蚊子哼哼哼，两个苍蝇嗡嗡嗡。A mosquito hums and hums,Two flies drone and drone.Examples: 车辚辚，马萧萧，行人弓箭各在腰。Chariots rumble and roll; horses whinny and neigh. Footmen at their girdle bows and arrows display.2、amplification增译法definition:在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、短语、分句或完整句，从而使译文在语法、语言形式上符合汉语的习惯并使译文在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文保持一致，以达到译文与原文在内容、形式和精神方面对等起来的目的。 I am looking forward to the holidays我在等待假日的到来。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。 What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何? Indeed, the reverse is true.实际情况恰好相反。 It will make a man of him in the college.在那所大学里，一定能把他造就成堂堂的男子汉。 Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers.速度快，可靠性强是电子电脑的主要优点。 It is the same old story //of not being grateful for what we have// until we lose it//, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.事情往往是这样，失却之物，方知珍惜；生了病才知健康之可贵。 The leader is not satisfied with our preparation.领导对我们的准备工作不满意。 It is really nice and cheap. You will regret for not buying it later.这真是物美价廉，你不买会后悔的。 He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.他满脸皱纹，皮肤很黑，头发灰白稀疏。 For mistakes had been made, bad ones.因为已经犯了许多错误，而且还是很糟糕的错误。 Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.不错，我是喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况总算是有点赶时髦吧。 除了词汇上的增译，还有句法上的增译Having a lot of advantages, this machine will eventually be replaced.尽管这台机器有很多优点,但它总有一天会被别的机器所替代。The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则。More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.如果测试更为彻底，也许一开始就能找出故障。 从文化上考虑的增译英汉语言除了在语词对应、使用频率、语连模式、省词结习等方面存在着区别之外，文化的巨大差异所造成的文化缺省也促使译者在译文中增加一些解释成分和反映文化背景的资讯，以提高其可读性。增补典故、习语中的关键资讯 三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhu Geliang, the master mind. 世上先有伯乐，然后有千里马，千里马常有而伯乐不常有。Only when the world has a Bole, who knows about horses, can there be fine steeds. There are always fine steeds that can cover a thousand li a day, but we cannot frequently find a Bole.不要班门弄斧。Don’t show off your skill with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter. 增补说明罕见的人名、地名或其他专有名词的词语Le Monde, the BBC, the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal regularly at length.法国《世界报》、英国广播公司、《纽约时报》和整个阿拉伯报界，都经常大段引用海卡尔的话。 The death of the Princess of Wales unleashed outpourings of newly-coined honorifics, for instance a present-day Cinderella whose clock struck midnight all too soon.威尔士王妃戴安娜之死，导致有关她的新敬语如潮水一般涌流出来，比如有人说她是“当今灰姑娘，只是午夜的钟声过早地敲响”。3、omission减译法definition根据逻辑、句法、修辞的需要在译文中删减一些不必要的语言单位的全译方法,它是增译法的反面：把第二节中的例子倒译的话（即把汉译英改为英译汉，或者英译汉改为汉译英），所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。关于减译法，应该记住这一条总原则：减译是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘，或者违背译文语言习惯的语言单位。但省略不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。即：减形不减意。冠词、连词、代词（尤其是人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道，减译法必不可少。 A book is useful.书有用。 The earth goes around the sun.地球绕太阳转。 On Sundays we have no school.礼拜天我们不上学。减译冠词 A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。 The earth is larger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.地球比月球大，但比太阳小。 The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮从海上冉冉升起。 The children are of an age.这些孩子都是同岁的。 An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天一苹果，医生远离你减译介词——表示时间和地点的介词短语在翻译成汉语时，如果能够放在句首，介词往往可以省略。 The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.1921年，中国共产党成立。 Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所禁止吸烟。减译介词——表示时间短语在翻译成汉语时，如果只能放在句末，就不能省略。 It was rumored that hostilities were to begin on April 23.据传，战争将在4月23日爆发。减译介词引导地点状语的英语介词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后却一般不省略。 She stood by the table.她站在桌旁。 He sat behind the door.他坐在门后。减译代词（主语、宾语、反身代词、物主代词、引导定语从句的关系代词）同一主语，重复出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。 He was tired and weary and he looked miserable.他疲惫不堪，看上去一副可怜相。减译代词（主语、宾语、反身代词、物主代词、引导定语从句的关系代词）泛指的英语人称代词做主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也可以省略。 We live and learn.活到老，学到老。 We eat to live, but not live to eat.(我们)为生存而吃饭，而不应该为吃饭而生存。 I have received your letter and read it with delight.我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。 He is playing football now, we all see him.他正在踢足球，我们都看见了。 I wash my hands before having my lunch.我吃午餐前洗手。Vs.我吃我的午餐前洗我的手。 He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。 Please pass me the book whose cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 This is the pen which he bought yesterday.这是他昨天买的笔。减译形式代词“it”省译做形式主语或形式宾语的“it” It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.只有浅薄的人才以貌取人。 I find it difficult to do the job well.我发现做好这件事不容易。减译形式代词“it”省译强调句中的“it” It was yesterday that he got married.他是昨天结婚的。表示时空和天气概念而本身没有具体意义的“it乭 It was dark outside when he got up.他起床时天还没亮。 It looks like rain. You乫d better go home now.好像要下雨了。你回去吧。减译连词 You should get up and dress yourself quickly.起床啦，快起来穿衣服。 He said that he didn’t want to go there.他说他不想去那儿。 You’d better put on your sweater, for it is rather cold outside.你最好把毛衣穿上，外边相当冷。 The presentation can be perfect as long as you make full preparations.有了充分的准备，你的展示将会很成功。 When the masses are of one heart, everything becomes easy.众人一条心，其力可断金。减译动词 This area has a bad signals.这片地区信号很差。 When the pressure gets high, the boiling point becomes low.气压高，沸点就高。 Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.（...没有原因和理由）双方均不得无故解除合同。 Semiconductor devices have no filament or heaters and therefore require no heating power or warmed uptime.半导体器件没有灯丝，因此不需要加热功率或加热时间。 中英翻译常见的重复、省略与指代我真诚希望,世界各国人民在实现各自梦想的过程中相互理解、相互帮助,努力把我们赖以生存的地球建设成为共同的美好家园。 OmissionI sincerely hope that all of us can understand each other, help each other, and make this world a beautiful home to us all.省略不翻译“在实现各自梦想的过程中”,是因为从原文中此句紧接的前一句——中国人民追寻实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦,也祝愿各国人民能够实现自己的梦想——来看,这个意思已经成为可知信息,而英文又追求语篇逻辑连贯缜密、文字风格简洁集约的缘故。 自然恢复为主的方针the policy of promoting the natural restoration of the environment as a priority 增译amplification由于汉语是“主题突岀型”的语言类型,在段落主题已经确定的情况 下,主题词(主语或宾语)可以省略,所以这里的原文不需要在“自然恢复乭揑岪柺嵞壛乬环嫬乭堦词丅扐惀塸语晄惀乬庡题撍弌宆乭语 尵,因而翻译表述中需要添加 environment一词。 保障人民知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权 omissionuphold people’s right to information, participation, expression and supervision regarding Party and government operations。根据英文避免词语重复的习惯,“权”字只需要翻译一次。 贯彻劳动者自主就业、市场调节就业、政府促进就业和鼓励创业的方针implement the principle of promoting self-employment, market regulated employment and government backed employment and entrepreneurship“政府促进就业”中的“促进”表述为 backed而不是 promoted,原因是英文倾向于“静态表达”( backed,非动词,以“状态”涵盖行为/动作),而中文倾向于“动态表达”(促进,直接用动词)。“创业”的实质和精神就是 entrepreneurship,能用一个名词表述就不再用词组或句子。另外,从避免employment一词的重复角度考虑,本句还可以翻译为：implement the principle of making jobs self-supported, market-guided government backed, and individually created。 保证人民平等参与、平等发展权利 omissionensure people’s equal right to participation in governance and to developmentensure比 guarantee的意思更有普遍性,可以包含 guarantee的意思。选择前者遵循的是英汉思维在动词具体性与一般性方面的规律性差异: 英语倾向于选择一般动词,而汉语注重动词的具体性(如前所述,英语动词大量使用do, have, make等就是表现)。 guarantee词多用于商业领域,因此在这里使用就会显得死板。中文中使用了两次“平等” 英文只使用一次,这更体现了一条不可忽视的英汉思维差异,即英语既不多用重复也不随意省略,为此常常使用代词或改换词语避免重复, 而汉语则不避免词语重复使用,甚至有通过重复加强语气或感情色彩 的习惯。另外,此处如果不加 governance意义就显得不够严谨。 我们要坚持开放的发展,合作的发展,共赢的发展。 OmissionWe should pursue development through opening up and cooperation to benefit all.此处的“共赢”不翻译为win-win或(for) mutual benefit,原因是这里 的合作没有具体限定为双方或与特定的一方的合作,具有广泛性。“共赢”中的“蠃”,其实意思也不是普通情况下那种用于比赛等语境的 “赢”,而是有利于各方。原文中的“发展”重复三次,英文表述合并为一次,这是英汉语言思维在“替代”、“重复”、“省略”三方面的差异决定的。 我们要胸怀理想、坚定信念、不动摇、不懈怠、不折腾、顽强奋斗、艰苦奋斗、不懈奋斗。 OmissionWe should remain true to our ideal, be firm in our conviction, never vacillate in or relax our efforts or act recklessly, and we should forge ahead with tenacity and resolve.此处翻译值得注意的有两点:一是中文中的“不”除了一次翻译为 never以外均转换为正向译法,使用肯定词而不是否定;二是在原文中重复的“奋斗”转换英文表述也不再重复。其中“不折腾”译为act recklessly,表面上变化较大,实际上功能相当,因为盲目、随意采取行动实际上就是折腾。 发展现代信息技术产业体系,健全信息安全保障体系 omissiondevelop the IT industry and better ensure information security两个“体系”均不翻译有两方面的原因,一是英语名词多具有意义上 的具体可延展、伸缩的性质,英译中时经常可以添加表示性质、状态、 特征等意义的词语(如此处的“体系”)；二是英语传统语言思维习惯倾向于避免不必要的词语重复,而汉语传统思维习惯则不忌讳词语的重复,反而经常通过词语重复増强语言的修辞效果和节奏感。 保证有法必依,执法必严,违法必究 omissionensure that laws are observed and strictly enforced and lawbreakers are prosecuted 推进政企分开、政资分开、政事分开、政社分开 omissionministration from the management of enterprises, state assets, public institutions, and social organizations中文原文中每个子句都包含一个“政”和“分开”,而英文表述则不重 复 government和 separate这两个词。这是因为汉英传统思维模式中的重 复、替代、省略现象差别很大:汉语或通过重复增强语言节奏感,或在可以意会时干脆省略,而英语或集约性地一次说明,或用代词取而代 之。这里是一个比较典型的例子。 用制度管权管事管人 omissionput power, Party and government operations and personnel management under institutional checks此处的“管”并不是一般“管理”的意思,而是具体的“监管”,所以 用 checks比较适宜。汉语注重音节工整,为此而不厌重复,在英语中则没有必要重复。 平衡好“期望值”与“现实值”的关系(omission)aiming for a right balance between expectations and reality 三十多年的改革实践(omission)over 30 years’ reform 腐败现象在一些部门和单位比较严重(omission)Some departments and organizations are plagued by rampant corruption. 改变大锅自行其是的局面(omission)rollback big-power unilateralism 我必须查清造成这一混乱局面的真正原因I have to get to the bottom of this mess.4、conversion词类转换法Definition:汉语一个词类能充当的句子成分较多, 一般无须改变词类; 英语一个词类能充当的句子成分较少,充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这种情况就叫词类转换法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。Is your father a smoker （吸烟者）?你父亲抽烟吗？She is a real beauty.她非常漂亮。We are enemies（敌人） of all wars.我们反对一切战争。He is the murderer（凶手） of his boss.他谋杀了他的老板。The earth is shaped（形状的） like a big ball.地球的形状像个大球。 转译成动词英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得多，而名词用得少，汉语可以几个动词或动词性结构连用，而英语句子中往往只有一个谓语动词。He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心 奋斗表示钦佩。 名词→ 动词Xu Beihong’s paintings of horses are exceptionally good.徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。 The thought of fat meat makes me sick.一想到肥肉我就恶心。 A view of the village can be obtained from the tower.从塔上可以看见这个村庄。 Tom looked his good-bye at the garden.汤姆看了看园子，跟它告别。 Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。 The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.政府号召建立更多的技术学校。 “动作+er”名词（非身份和职业类）à动词Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中一些人唱歌唱得好。 I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I suppose my younger brother is a better teacher than I am.恐怕我不能教你游泳，我想我弟弟会比我教得好。 They are not sure they can save his life.他们不敢肯定能否挽救他的生命。 Is he able to do it?他能够做那件事吗？ I have to be cautious.我必须小心谨慎才是。 She was always confident.她总是信心十足。 副词→动词Is he up yet?他起床了没有？ As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘了穿鞋子。 Please open the window to let fresh air in.请打开窗子，让新鲜空气进来。 When he went back, the radio was still on, for he had forgotten to turn it off when he left.他回来时，收音机仍然开着，因为他离开时忘记关了。 转译成名词1)名词派生的动词或由名词转用的动词转译成名词;2) 英语被动句式，可译成“受到/遭到---+名词”或“予以/加以---+名词”结构;3) 形容词转译成名词。名词派生的动词/名词转用的动词à 名词 Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，那就是 以礼相待。 To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。 The earth is shaped like a big ball.地球的形状像个大球。 His speech impressed the audience deeply.他的演讲给听众的印象很深刻。被动句式à受到/遭到---+名词”或“予以/加以---+名词” The invasion of another independent country must be stopped.侵犯另一个独立国家的行为必须予以制止。 He was criticized by his leader for failing to report the accident.他由于未对事故进行汇报而受到领导的批评。 He was punished by the school for cheating in the exam.他因考试作弊而受到学校的处分。转译成形容词形容词派生的名词常转译成形容词 I have difficulty in speaking Putonghua.讲普通话我很困难。Her questions suggested her innocence.她提出的问题表明她是无知的。 有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往转译成形容词 The concert is a great success.音乐会是很成功的。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。形容词与副词的互转英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词要转译成汉语副词。 They gave the enemy a heavy blow.他们狠狠地打击了敌人。 Her hard work led to her successful promotion.她工作努力，因而成功地获得了提升。 He was a regular visitor.他经常来。 She is an ardent lover of classical music.她酷爱古典音乐。英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词要转译成汉语的形容词。 The film impressed him deeply.这部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。 Boys think differently from girls.男孩子有着与女孩子不同的想法。 This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.这种通讯设备的主要特点是操作简单，维修容易。由于英、汉两种语言表达方式各异，还有一些英语形容词要译成汉语副词。 Have you dialed the right number?你拨对了号码了吗？ Supporters were in a clear minority.支持者显然属于少数。 This is sheer nonsense.这完全是胡说. 名词与副词的互转The instinct of a successful actor is to play any character lifelike.一个成功的演员应该本能地把每一个角色演活。 The substance of his speech was to make us obedient.他的讲话的实质上是要求我们服从他。 I have the great honor to introduce to you Mr. Black.我很荣幸地给大家介绍布莱克先生。副词变名词 One should be psychologically as well as physically sound.一个人必须有健康的体魄和健康的心理。 Nowadays many people in the society are materially rich but spiritually poor.当今社会中，有许多人物质富有却精神空虚。 I have the great honor to inform you of your being enrolled by the University of Macau.My suggestion is that he quit smoking at once.I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I.He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.I am no drinker, nor smoker. He is a good listener and everybody likes to talk with him.A well-dressed teacher, who looked and talked like a southerner, came into the classroom.In his speech he laid special stress on improving the quality of the products.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.We are convinced that with the joint efforts of our two countries, the friendly relations and cooperation between us will develop further.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.5、inversion词序调整法定义：译文与原文相比,词序发生了变化。Professor Wang 王教授Mr. Stevenson 史蒂文森先生Room 101 101房间Page 15 第15页March the first, 1941 1941年3月1日tough-minded 意志坚强的heart-warming 暖人心的well-conducted 行为端正的ill-tempered 脾气不好的East China 华东northeast 东北southwest 西南north，south, east and west 东西南北汉语在语序上的表达习惯(1) 汉语一般状语在前，动词在后(2) 汉语一般时间状语在先，地点状语在后(3) 汉语重人称，人称主语在前，原物称主语在后(4) 汉语多主动语态，“真主语”在前，“假主语”在后(5) 汉语一般从句在前，主句在后(6) 汉语中，定语或定语从句常置于被修饰的名词前汉语在语序上的表达习惯(7) 汉语中，行为动作先发生的在前，后发生的在后(8) 汉语中，地点状语的语序是，大地方在 先，小地方在后 汉语重人称，人称主语在前，原物称主语在后A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.他进门时带进来一缕雪茄烟雾。 Hunting is his latest enthusiasm.他最近热衷于打猎。 Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer.他过去是工人，现在当工程师了。 Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.有什么困难，给我们一个信。 She reads aloud in the open every morning.她每天早晨在室外高声朗读。 The meeting ended in disagreement会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。 They were very glad to have accepted the presents offered.他们收下了赠送的礼物，十分高兴。 The factory has a staff of 500 (people), including 200 men workers, 250 women workers and 50 cadres.这个工厂有男工200人, 女工250人, 干部50人, 共有职工500人。 Very often you leave home on a bright, sunny morning and come back by lunchtime when it is pouring.你常常可以遇到这种情况: 早上出门时还是阳光明媚, 中午回来时却是大雨滂沱。限定词  定语的翻译汉语是“话题+说明”结构，有时会把中心语放在前面，说明性的定语放在后面。Keith: A little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.凯斯是一个讨饭的，他身材矮小，面色苍黄，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸胡子。She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington. (The New Encyclopedia Britannica)她是哈丁顿一位富裕医生的女儿，有才华，又迷人，但有点脾气。Exercise 1. A thin and weak girl susceptible to disease, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will.她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力写出了一部部催人奋进的小说。 Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.如果没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们，昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼，杀死我们的牛羊家畜，使我们不能在这个世界上生存。Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上又顺利又舒服。I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.这是我国历史上为争取自由而举行的一次最大的示威游行, 它必将载入史册, 垂之久远。我今天能同你们一起参加这一游行，感到很高兴。 5.He was one of those fellows with a settled, mature body and a young face, such as you often see among workingmen.你经常可以在工人中见到这样一种类型的人：身子长得成熟定型了, 而面孔却是一副嫩相（但却是一脸稚气 / 而脸上却稚气未脱 / 但却长着一张娃娃脸）。他就是这样的人。6、negation正说反译，反说正译Definition把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定的说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。正说反译英语中很多词本身就含有否定意义,beyond, absent, stop, bad, avoid, exclude, except, doubt, resistant, refuse, few, little, 这类词在翻译中要译出它的含有的否?????.?正说反译 The window refuses to open.窗户打不开. Children were excluded from getting in the building.孩子不许进入这幢楼房. Such a chance denied me.我没有得到这个机会. The explanation is pretty thin.这个解释站不住脚。 I have fallen behind with my correspondence.我有一些信件没有及时答复.。 Fully clothed, he fell across his bunk and was instantly sleep。他衣服也不脱往床铺上横着一躺,很快就睡着了。 He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.他75岁了,可是并不显老。反说正译祈使句中的否定说法有时正译,因为说话人想表达的常常是一个正面的意义。 No smoking!严禁吸烟 No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.凭票退还押金. Don't lose time in posting this letter.赶快把这封信寄出去. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度. The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.这件事引起了我们的重视. Such mistakes couldn't long escape notice.这类错误迟早会被发觉的. Elliott was too clever not see that many of the persons who accepted his invitation did so only to get a free meal and that of these some were stupid and some worthless.艾略特是一个聪明人，他定能看得出许多接受他邀请的人只是为了来吃一顿不花钱的饭，他知道这些人有的愚不可及,有的则微不足道。汉译英正说反译法汉语中有些词语是肯定(正说)的,但译成英语却是否定(反说)的。 欧妮铺上一块洁净的白桌布,又去取来些葡萄。Eugenie unfolded a clean white table cloth and went to fetch some grapes.正说反译 在希腊人的生活中,奴隶制是得到默许的。Slavery was implicit in Greek life. 她非常勉强地来了。She came very unwillingly. 这家机构因公正在国际上享有声誉.The agency enjoys an international reputation for impartiality. 她光着脚走进了房间。She came into the room with no shoes on. 尼克松是个彻底的现实主义者。Nixon was nothing if not a realist.汉语中有些词语是否定(反说)的.但译成英语却是肯定(正说)的。 风景之美,非任何言语所能形容。The beauty of the scenery passes all power of description.反说正译 星期四对我来说不方便,我们星期二碰头好吗？Thursday is rather awkward for me. Could we meet on Tuesday？ 他们的会面即使说不上轻松愉快,也是亲切的。Their meeting is cordial, if hardly relaxed. 他刚一走开,她就把汤姆穿着去当海盗的那件破得不成样子的上衣取出来。The moment he was gone, she ran to a closet and got out the ruin of a jacket which Tom had gone pirating in. 他提前三天到达是我们没有想到的。His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation. 毋庸置疑,中国的航空航天工业在过去的四十年中已取得了辉煌的成就。It is beyond doubt that China has made brilliant achievements in aviation and space industry in the last forty years.7、division分译法 Definition:为了使译文忠实、易懂，有时不得不把一个长句译成两句或更多的句子。Division作为一种翻译技巧，它除了指句子的分译外，还包括某些词语意义的分译。单词分译 They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答案，这是不足为奇的。 She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking.她自夸有高超的烹调技艺，这是情有可原的。短语分译 Sometimes, to his delight, he was allowed to take short trips outside the small town.有时他还可以离开小镇到外面走一走，这使他感到很欣喜。 He had left a note of welcome for mesas sunny as his face.他留下一封短信对我表示欢迎，那封信写得热情洋溢，一如其人。 He built upon these natural gifts daily.在天赋的基础上，他坚持训练，技艺与日俱增。 Elizabeth was determined to make no effort for conversation with a women, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.伊丽莎白不肯在和这样一个女人说话，这个女人现在异常无理，十分令人反感。关系从句的分译 I am going to see my grandmother, who was ill in bed, to take her some butter and eggs and a fresh-baked cake that my mother has made for her.我去看病在床上的祖母,给她带些奶油、鸡蛋和妈妈刚刚烤好的蛋糕。定语从句译为前置定语 But as the song surged up in increasing loudness, even the most timid lost their fear and joined in, and all the things that King had said at the meeting in the ball-room, things that they hadn’t believed or had only half believed, became suddenly and powerfully true.但是当歌声越来越响的时候,连那些最胆小的人也没有什么恐惧了他们也跟着唱起来,金在舞厅里开会时所说的一切,那些他们曾经不相信或半信半疑的话,忽然很有力地变成是真的了。关系从句译成状语 It's in line with the Charter, which recognizes the value of regional efforts to solve problems and settle disputes.它符合宪章精神,因为宪章承认由地区进行排难解纷的作用。 So my chances of getting to revolutionary China are pretty slim, although I have not given up my efforts to get a passport that will enable us to visit the countries of socialism.因此,我到革命的中国来的希望相当小了,虽然我并没有放弃努力来争取一张护照,以便访问社会主义国家。 They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.他们企图扑灭反抗,结果反抗愈来愈猛,遍及全国。 In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved.当两国发生争端时,如与两国都友好,第三国则力避卷入。However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general.任何一门理论科学中的每一个新发现,即使它的实际应用甚至还无法预见,都使他(马克思)感到由衷地喜悦,但是当有了立即会对工业、对一般历史发展产生革命影响的发现的时候,他的喜悦就完全不同了。(定语从句仍译为状语)关系从句译为几个等立分句 The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked Brittle, who asked the tinker, who pretended not to hear.厨子的脸发起白来,要使唤丫头把门关上,丫头叫布立特尔去,布立特尔叫补锅匠去,补锅匠却装着没有听见。定语从句置于括号内 He dropped the mattress against the rough wooden fence which had replaced the iron bars taken up for war efforts, and wiped his brow.他把褥垫扔下,靠着木栏栅(原来是铁栏杆,为了支援战争而换成木头的了),擦了擦额头。定语从句译为几个单独的句子 It(The People's Republic of China) must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man-made destiny.伟大的中华人民共和国必须用我们大家的鲜血和工作来缔造。我们这些人相信未来,相信人们,相信人们能够掌握自己的命运—光辉灿烂的命运。二重定语从句分译成两个句子 He visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm which attended his arduous labors.他访问了许多地方,到处受到热情的欢迎。他的艰苦努力是经常受到热情欢迎的。从句和主句被打乱，重新排序 He had a set of little tools and saws of various sizes manufactured by himself. With the aid of these, Issac contrived to make many curious articles, at which he worked with so much skill, that he seemed to have been born with a saw or chisel in his hand.艾萨克有一套自制的小工具和各种尺寸的锯子。由于这些工具,加之手很巧,他造出许多罕见的东西,好像他天生就会用锯子或凿子似的。主从句被打乱，重新排序 They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship.他往常做礼拜的时候,总坐在固定的座位上,可是那天他们发现他不坐老位置了。打散结构拆分，重新排序 Intellectually emancipated at a time when women of good family were not encouraged to do anything more ambitious than dabble in the arts, she became the editor of a review entitled Correspondence des Families in which she was bold enough to publish essays by the revolutionary socialist Jules Valle.当时,有教养的人家对于女子至多不过让她们对艺术稍有涉猎,并不鼓励她们去做比此更有抱负的事情。但她不受旧思想的约束,担任了家名叫《家庭通讯》杂志的编辑。她在这个刊物上大胆地发表了革命社会主义者朱尔·瓦莱斯的文章。打散结构拆分，重新排序 Distant thunder greeted this scheme, from the south Pacific, where de Gaulle on his travels sent orders to prepare proposals.当时远在南太平洋地区旅行的戴高乐听到这个计划,大发雷霆,下令提出新的方案。（以时间顺序排列）打散结构，突出重点 Perhaps, after all, there was no enigma about him except in the minds of lesser men who found it hard to conceive such tenacity of purpose.关于他的谜,也许根本就不存在。所谓谜者,只是那些不及他的人对他那样坚韧不拔的意志感到不可思议而已。(一句译成两句。)其他长句的某些翻译规则多步逻辑推理 Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labour, tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers, with their wives and children, were forced into the cities in search of work, any work, under any condition, that would keep them alive.于是,就出现了这样的情况,正当新办的工厂纷纷成立、需要劳动力的时候,成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘的从事农业的劳动者,携妻带儿,被迫流入城市;他们要找活干,不管什么活儿,不讲什么条件,只要不让他们饿死就行。主语成分太长 It had been anticipated that results would now begin to show an increase in living standards in Russia. Instead, the necessity to greatly increase the direct expenditure on armaments and still further raise the already high percentage of the national income devoted to defense means a further postponement of reward to the ordinary workers and consumers as a consequence of the great industrial effort since war.原来预料俄国的生活水平现在会因此而提高。可是不然,直接的军费需要大大增加,在国民收人中已占很大比例的国防费用还需要更加提高。这也就是说,由于战后工业方面的巨大努力,普通工人和消费者可得到好处的时间,又要推迟了。 宾语成分太长 The Prime Minister added, we are now once again regarded by other states as a power whose judgment can be trusted and whose promises can be relied on.首相说:“我们这个大国的判断是可以相信的,我们这个大国的诺言是可以信赖的;现在其他国家又把我们当做这样的大国了。”状语太长 A report of the proposed compromise plan came from a reliable source only a few hours after the presidents special envoy, Mr. X, emerged from his fifth secret session with the Egyptian Foreign Minister and told newsmen "A solution is in sight.”关于折中方案的消息是一位可靠人士传出来的。在这个消息传出之前不过几小时,总统的特使某先生在与埃及外长进行第五次秘密会谈之后,曾对记者说“解决方案现已在望”。过渡性从句 This suggestion was made today by the influential New York Times which predicted a change of topic’ at the forthcoming meeting, with emphasis shifting from armament limitation to human rights.这个建议是有影响的《纽约时报》今天提出来的。该报预言,即将举行的会议,“议题会有改变”,侧重点会由武器限制问题转到人权问题。分译并重译关键性词语 The Civil War, lasting four years and costing at least a million lives, civilian and military, was the most extensive war ever fought on the soil of the New World, a war that proved to the planters in a revolutionary way that human beings in America could no longer be bought or sold, worked and killed at will to serve the profit of parasitic landowners.美国的南北战争历时四年之久,夺去了至少一百万军民的生命,是在新大陆(新世界)进行过的规模最大的一次战争,这次战争以革命的方式使种植园主认识到:在美国,再也不能为了寄生的土地所有者的利益而把人任意买卖、任意驱使、任意杀害了。 长句汉译英一般-具体过渡 这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白,务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄、不躁的作风,务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗的作风。This must be made clear now in the Party. The comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in their style of work. The comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.汉语平行句 我军的现代化,就是要有一支强大的陆军空军海军,要有现代化的武器装备,包括导弹和核武器,要严格训练,要按实战要求苦练过硬的杀敌本领,熟练掌握使用现代化武器装备的新技术,以及随之而来的新战术。Our army‘s modernization calls for powerful ground, air and naval forces and modern arms and equipment, including guided missiles and nuclear weapons; it calls for rigorous and hard training to develop the ability to wipe out the enemy as required in actual combat；it calls for mastery of the new techniques involved in handling modern arms and equipment and of the new tactics entailed. 解放思想是发展中国特色社会主义的一大法宝,改革开放是发展中国特色社会主义的强大动力,科学发展、社会和谐是发展中国特色社会主义的基本要求,全面建设小康社会是党和国家到二○二○年的奋斗目标,是全国各族人民的根本利益所在。Emancipating the mind is a magic instrument for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, reform and opening up provide a strong driving force for developing it, and scientific development and social harmony are basic requirements for developing it. Building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is a goal for the Party and the state to reach by 2020 and represents the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups. 2020年全面建设小康社会目标实现之时,我们这个历史悠久的文明古国和发展中社会主义大国,将成为工业化基本实现、综合国力显著增强、国内市场总体规模位居世界前列的国家,成为人民富裕程度普遍提高、生活质量明显改善、生态环境良好的国家,成为人民享有更加充分民主权利、具有更高文明素质和精神追求的国家,成为各方面制度更加完善、社会更加充满活力而又安定团结的国家,成为对外更加开放、更加具有亲和力、为人类文明作出更大贡献的国家。When the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is attained by 2020, China, a large developing socialist country with an ancient civilization, will have basically accomplished industrialization, with its overall strength significantly increased and its domestic market ranking as one of the largest in the world. It will be a country whose people are better off and enjoy markedly improved quality of life and a good environment. Its citizens will have more extensive democratic rights, show higher ethical standards and look forward to greater cultural achievements. China will have better institutions in all areas and Chinese society will have greater vitality coupled with stability and unity. The country will be still more open and friendly to the outside world and make greater contributions to human civilization.缺少主语的流水句 要抓紧时机,加快发展,实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略和可持续发展战略,充分发挥科学技术作为第一生产力的作用,依靠科技进步,提高劳动者素质,促进国民经济又好又快发展。The Party must lose no time in speeding up development, implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation with trained personnel and the strategy of sustainable development, to give full play to the role of science and technology as the primary production force. The Party must take advantage of the advancement of science and technology to improve the quality of workers and promote sound and rapid development of the national economy. 8. Change of voice 语态变换法Definition语态：主动语态/被动语态两种语态由于在两种语言中的使用情况不同，在英汉互译中，要经常变换语态，使译文符合习惯用法，显得地道自然。 The coming physics examinations said to be rather difficult, so we must get well prepared for it.即将举行的物理考试据说相当困难，所以我们必须做好充分准备。 How long will it be before black and white television sets are found only in museums?还要过多久黑白电视机才会被送进博物馆呢？ If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing.如果预计天气恶劣,天气预报人员必须能够在该飞机航程内提出另一个天气适合着陆的机场。 How can a series of motionless, or still, pictures be blended on a screen to produce motion pictures?组不动的即静止的图片是怎样在银幕上连到一起合成电影的呢? Such liquid fuel rockets as are now being used for space research have to carry their own supply of oxygen.像现在用于宇宙研究的这类液态燃料火箭,必须自己携带氧气。 How long will it be before black and white television sets are found only in museums?还要过多久黑白电视机才会被送进博物馆呢? The oil of the world will have been used up, and man will be using the more convenient power obtained from the splitting of the atom. 全世界的石油将会用尽,人们将使用从原子分裂获得的这种更为方便的动力。In order to do research in nuclear physics, the young teachers are required to complete a two-year graduate course.为了能进行核物理方面的研究,要求这些青年教师读完两年研究生课程。 A national link-up of computers could mean that a large amount of information will be supplied to anyone who uses the system.把全国的电脑连接起来意味着可以向任何使用该系统的人提供大量信息。 Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt the atom can be split and its power can be used.自从第一颗原子弹试验以来,全世界都已知道,原子可分裂,原子能可利用。 Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard, non-sticky and yet elastic.有一个叫古德伊尔的美国人一直在努力寻找一种方法把橡胶做得硬而不粘,但是却有弹性。 There are some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by bombardment of nuclei with neutrons.有几种放射性同位素是通过中子轰击原子核而产生出来的。 The expansion of metals on heating must be taken into consideration before a long metal bridge is built.在建造一座金属大桥前,对金属受热膨胀这一现象必须加以考虑。 This nuclear power plant which is completely automated and computer controlled serves the entire city.这个全部自动化和电脑控制的核电厂供应全市的用电。 At present, a large computer is needed for the control of the robot, but the action is slow, each decision requiring a great deal of computation.当前,还需要用一台大型电脑控制机器人,但是动作很慢,要作出一个决定就得进行大量的计算。 The Wright brothers were highly praised for having made the first flight in the world.莱特兄弟因为进行了世界上第一次飞行而受到了高度赞扬。 The engineer has a knowledge of mathematical and natural science acquired by study, experience and practice which is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.工程师通过学习、经验和实践获得数学和自然科学的知识,并有鉴别地运用这些知识研究出一些途径来经济地使用自然界的材料和自然力,为人类造福。 Much has been said about the complication of the nuclear power station reactor.有关原子能电站反应堆的复杂性已经谈得很多了。 The time will come when homes will be heated from a small reactor in the basement.有朝一日家庭将由安装在地下室里的小反应堆供热。 If you subject this precision instrument to a high temperature, it will be seriously damaged.如果你把这台精密仪器置于高温之下,仪器将会受到严重损坏。 This level is somewhere between that created by very heavy street traffic and that caused by the arrival of an underground train in a station.这个声压级大约介于交通极为繁忙的街道上的噪声和地铁到站时所引起的噪音之间。 Other equipment has been devised which analyses noise into the various frequencies of the sounds of which it is made up and records the loudness at the different frequencies.还设计了另外一些设备,能将噪音分解成构成该噪音的各种不同的音响频率,并能记录不同频率的音量。 High voltage current is usually carried by overhead wire system so as to prevent living things being electrocuted.高压电通常要用架空线传输以防生物触电。 Here is a clear case of the course of human history being affected by the scientific and technological revolution.这里有一个科学和技术革命影响人类历史进程的明显例子。 If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a great explosion.如果连锁反应不受控制,一直进行下去,就会引起一场大爆炸。 With the help of a microscope you can watch the integrated circuits being separated and tested.利用一架显微镜,你可以看到集成电路正在被分离和被测试的情况。 The hull of a ship is often protected against corrosion with a coat of special paint.船舶的外壳通常涂以一层特殊的漆以抗腐蚀。 The radioactive material should be kept safely to protect the surrounding areas from being polluted by radiation.放射性材料应该安全储藏,以保护周围环境不受辐射污染。 It is supposed that...据推测…It must be admitted that...必须承认…It must be pointed out that..必须指出…It is asserted that..有人主张…It is believed that..有人相信…It is well known that..众所周知…It will be said that...人们会说It was told that..人们曾说…I was told that...我听说…译成汉语被动句:除用“被”字外,还可以用“受到”、“遭到”为……所等字眼译成含有“把”、“使”或“由”等字眼的汉语句子确保权力正确行使,必须让权力在阳光下运行。 Power must be exercised in the sunshine to ensure that it is exercised correctly.载人航天飞行成功实现。能源资源节约和生态环境保护取得新进展。 Manned space-flights were successfully conducted. Fresh progress was registered in energy, resources, ecological and environmental conservation.改革开放取得重大突破。农村综合改革逐步深化,农业税、牧业税、特产税全部取消,支农惠农政策不断加强。国有资产管理体制、国有企业和金融、财税、投资、价格、科技等领域改革取得重大进展。Major breakthroughs were made in reform and opening up. Comprehensive reforms in rural areas gradually deepened; agricultural tax, livestock tax and taxes on special agricultural products were rescinded throughout the country; and policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Significant headway was made in reform of the state assets management system, state-owned enterprises banking, public finance, taxation, investment, pricing, and the system for managing science and technology.Maybe he has been hooked before and he remembers something of it.也许它以前上过钩,还有点儿记得。The other baits were still in the water but there was nothing to be done.别的鱼食还在水里,可是一点儿办法也没有。You were born to be a fisherman as the fish was born to be a fish. 你天生要做一个打鱼的,就像大鱼天生要做一条鱼那样。Most people are heartless about turtles because a turtle’s heart will beat for hours after be has been cut up and butchered. 很多人对待海龟是残酷无情的,因为把一个海龟切开、杀死以后,它的一颗心还要跳动好几个钟头。 |
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